This is a common disease syndrome that is caused by one or a combination of infectious organisms. It is frequently observed in inadequately vaccinated cats and kittens, particularly from multi-cat facilities and animal shelters. Most cats recover well with supportive care, however some cases are more complicated requiring medications and intensive care. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) can be involved in suppressing the immune system and testing may be recommended especially in strays and debilitated animals.

There are several infectious agents that are responsible for upper respiratory disease. The primary agents include viruses such as Feline Herpes Virus (rhinotracheitis or FHV) and Feline Calicivirus (FCV) and bacteria such as Chlamydia and Mycoplasma. However, often bacteria such as Bordetella, Haemophlyis, or Pasturella can complicate this disease.

Symptoms are very similar regardless of the infectious agents involved and often cannot be differentiated clinically. Affected cats show symptoms shortly after exposure. Respiratory symptoms include sneezing, discharge that may be clear, mucous-like or blood tinged, increased respiratory rate or effort, and in severe cases open mouth breathing. The eyes may appear red and/or irritated; corneal ulcers can also occur in severe cases. Digestive symptoms can include decreased appetite, oral ulcers or gingivitis (with FCV), drooling or painful swallowing (FCV). General signs can include lethargy and fever, and abortions can occur in queens.

Prevention is by a series of vaccinations as a kitten and boosters in adult cats. The viruses are easily transmitted through the air and on objects, hands etc. Washing well and changing clothing after handling stray or sick cats prior to handling your cat can limit the spread. Indoor cats are at a lower risk but are not completely risk free. Isolating newly acquired cats and ensuring that resident cats are current with their vaccinations is important.

If you suspect an upper respiratory tract infection in your cat it is advisable to have it examined by a veterinarian. With a simple viral infection antibiotics will not speed recovery or reduce clinical signs. They may be prescribed if bacteria are thought to be playing a significant role. Other therapies include decongestants, antiviral medications, fluid therapy and supplemental feeding. In less severe cases treatment can be done at home. General supportive measures that should be done include cleaning the discharge away from the eyes and nose with a warm, wet cloth, and keeping the cat in a warm, clean, stress and draft free environment. Also, humidifiers and steam (eg. from a shower) can help loosen discharge and clear nasal passages. To entice a cat that has lost the desire to eat offering strong smelling warmed canned food, baby food (free of onion powder) or lactose free milk can help. Most cats recover within one to two weeks, however some will develop chronic recurrent rhinitis or conjunctivitis.

It is important to contact a veterinarian if your cat has the following symptoms: off food for more than 2 days, severe depression/lethargy, difficulty breathing, inflammation of the eyes or heavy discharge from the eyes and nose.